Study of ablative properties of carbon thermal protection materials

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The current state of research on the study of the ablative properties of carbon thermal protection materials for spacecraft is considered in relation to the conditions of spacecraft motion in the Earth’s atmosphere. Various carbon/polymer composites, which are the main and most versatile class of thermal protection materials due to their ability to adapt to various thermal loads, are analyzed. A critical review of the physicochemical processes occurring during ablation of carbon-containing composites, as well as methods for their modeling, is made. An analysis of experimental facilities used to study the ablative properties of carbon thermal protection materials is carried out, as well as their operating principles, potential use and limitations.

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G. Gerasimov

Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow

Email: vyl69@mail.ru

Institute of Mechanics

俄罗斯联邦, Москва

V. Levashov

Lomonosov Moscow State University

编辑信件的主要联系方式.
Email: vyl69@mail.ru

Institute of Mechanics

俄罗斯联邦, Moscow

P. Kozlov

Lomonosov Moscow State University

Email: vyl69@mail.ru

Institute of Mechanics

俄罗斯联邦, Moscow

N. Bykova

Lomonosov Moscow State University

Email: vyl69@mail.ru

Institute of Mechanics

俄罗斯联邦, Moscow

I. Zabelinsky

Lomonosov Moscow State University

Email: vyl69@mail.ru

Institute of Mechanics

俄罗斯联邦, Moscow

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2. Fig. 1. Application areas of reusable (REUS) and ablative (ABL) TPS materials depending on the altitude H, pressure p and velocity V of the descent vehicle in the Earth’s atmosphere: 1 – Space Shuttle, 2 – Apollo, 3 – return from Mars, 4 – return from distant planets.

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3. Fig. 2. Microstructure of the carbon filler of TPS material: a – felt and b – foam [49].

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4. Fig. 3. The main ablation processes occurring on the surface of TPS material at high temperatures.

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5. Fig. 4. Micrographs of graphite material before (a) and after (b) exposure to nitrogen plasma [56].

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6. Fig. 5. Photograph of the test chamber of the electric arc plasma installation [41]. The arrow shows the flow of low-temperature plasma.

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7. Fig. 6. Schematic diagram of the experimental setup [20] for studying laser ablation of a C/C composite: 1 – excimer laser, 2 – vacuum chamber, 3 – ablation product torch, 4 – sample, 5 – UV lenses, 6 – ICCD camera, 7 – spectrometer, 8 – optical fiber.

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8. Fig. 7. Schematic representation of the test section of the X2 impact unit [79]: 1 – impact unit nozzle, 2 – model support stand, 3 – copper electrodes, 4 – graphite model.

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9. Fig. 8. Comparison of the calculated spectra of the radiative heat flux Q at the braking point without taking into account (1) and taking into account (2) the chemical ablation process during the movement of the Stardust spacecraft in the Earth’s atmosphere [29].

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